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The history of Albany, New York prior to 1664 begins with the native inhabitants of the area and ends in 1664, with the English takeover of New Netherland. The area was originally inhabited by Algonquian Indian tribes and was given different names by the various peoples. The Mohican called it ''Pempotowwuthut-Muhhcanneuw'', meaning "the fireplace of the Mohican nation",〔McEneny (2006), p. 6〕 while the Iroquois called it ''Sche-negh-ta-da'', or "through the pine woods".〔(Howell and Tenney (1886, Vol. II), p. 460 )〕 Albany's first European structure was a primitive fort on Castle Island built by French traders in 1540. It was destroyed by flooding soon after construction.〔(Reynolds (1906), p. xxvii )〕 Permanent European claims began when Englishman Henry Hudson, exploring for the Dutch East India Company on the ''Half Moon'' ((オランダ語:Halve Maen)), reached the area in 1609, claiming it for the United Netherlands.〔(Henry Hudson ). (2010). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved June 27, 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.〕 In 1614, Hendrick Christiaensen rebuilt the French fort as Fort Nassau, the first Dutch fur trading post in present-day Albany.〔(Reynolds (1906), p. 17 )〕 Commencement of the fur trade provoked hostility from the French colony in Canada and amongst the natives, all of whom vied to control the trade. In 1618, a flood ruined the fort on Castle Island, but it was rebuilt in 1624 as Fort Orange.〔(Howell and Tenney (1886, Vol. II), p. 775 )〕 Both forts were named in honor of the royal Dutch House of Orange-Nassau.〔Venema (2003), p. 13〕 Fort Orange and the surrounding area were incorporated as the village of Beverwijck ((英語:Beaver District)) in 1652.〔Rittner (2002), p. 7〕〔Venema (2003), p. 12〕 New Netherland was captured by the English in 1664 and the name Beverwijck was changed to Albany, in honor of the Duke of Albany (later James II of England and James VII of Scotland).〔(Brodhead (1874), p. 744 )〕 Duke of Albany was a Scottish title given since 1398, generally to a younger son of the King of Scots. The name is ultimately derived from ''Alba'', the Gaelic name for Scotland. ==Pre-history and geography== Prior to European settlement Albany was a forested location along the Hudson River with five ''kills'' (kill being early Dutch for creek, a name still used by Albanians today). These kills carved out steep ravines that separated the hills of Albany from each other. Further inland was the Pine Bush, an inland pine barrens that stretched from Albany to Schenectady. As settlement grew the Pine Bush was gradually cut down further and further inland. The kills, such as the Rutten, Vosen (Foxes), and Beaver kills, were diverted into pipes and covered over. Patroon Creek and the Normans Kill are the two that remain. Some of the ravines were filled in over time. Sheridan Hollow, carved by the now covered Foxen Kill, and Tivoli Hollow, carved by Patroon Creek, are two ravines that are still extant. The Empire State Plaza would in the 1970s fill the hollow created by the already-covered Rutten Kill.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Ruttenkill )〕 Lincoln Park is located in the hollow formed by the now covered Beaver Kill. Washington Park Lake is the result of damming up the only remaining part of the Rutten Kill that is above ground.〔 The native inhabitants of Albany at the time of the arrival of the Dutch called the Normans Kill the ''Tawawsantha''. The area of Albany had been given different names by the various native tribes of the area. The Mohegans called it ''Pem-po-tu-wuth-ut'', which means "place of the council fire", and the Iroquois called it ''Sche-negh-ta-da'', meaning "through the pine woods". The five kills were initially called First Kill, Second Kill, and so on. Normans Kill received its name from Albert Bradt, a Norwegian (Dutch: ''Noorman'') and one of the earliest settlers, and the Rutten Kill was named for Rutgers Bleecker, an early land owner along its banks.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Albany, New York (prehistory–1664)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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